高花青素洋葱品种"秀球赤玉"的选育与特征特性

“秀球赤玉”是以高花青素深紫皮不育系562A为母本，以高花青素深紫皮自交系2014-7-10-6为父本培育的中日照、早熟、高花青素三系杂交种。其表现：鳞茎大圆球形，花青素含量高达68.8 mg/g；洋葱鳞片从外至里均为深紫色，色泽亮，外观漂亮，商品率高；辣味轻，口感脆甜，可生食；植株长势强，抗病，耐抽薹，分球、裂球少；假茎细且收口紧，耐贮性好；平均单球质量600～1 000 g，667 m2产量8 000～12 000 kg；适宜在中日照地区推广，2019—2020年累计推广面积超过1 500 hm2。     

畜牧养殖污染现状及综合治理对策

畜牧养殖业污染问题是畜牧养殖生产过程中的常见问题,对于养殖业也有一定的影响,直接影响畜牧产品质量及动物疫病防治工作。该文针对畜牧养殖业污染现状进行分析研究,阐述畜牧养殖污染问题现状,并综合新疆地区的畜牧养殖业发展状态,提出畜牧养殖污染问题综合治理的有效对策。     

Cell wall disruption: An effective strategy to improve the nutritive quality of microalgae in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

The rigid cell walls of microalgae may hinder their utilization in fish feeds. The current experiment assessed the correlation between the accessibility of microalgae nutrients and their in vivo digestibility in African catfish. Nannochloropsis gaditana biomass was subjected to physical or mechanical treatments to weaken its cell wall; untreated—no disruption treatment (UNT), pasteurization (PAS), freezing (FRO), freeze‐drying (FRD), cold pasteurization (L40) and bead milling (BEM). Six experimental diets formulated from differently treated and untreated microalgae (at 30% diet inclusion level) were tested on growth performance and apparent nutrient digestibility (ADCs) in juvenile African catfish. A basal diet (REF) containing no microalgae was used as reference diet. Results showed that biomass gain and feed conversion ratio of fish fed L40 and BEM diets increased by 13% and 11%, respectively, relative to the UNT diet. Additionally, FRD, FRO, L40 and BEM cell wall disruption treatments improved protein digestibility by 0.5%, 5.9%, 8.4% and 16.3%, respectively, compared to the UNT treatment. There was a positive correlation between accessibility of microalgal nutrients and their digestibility in African catfish. Nutrient digestibility of microalgae was dependent on extent of cell disruption. Also, the impact of cell disruption on nutrient digestibility of microalgae differs between African catfish and Nile tilapia.     

不同栽培管理条件下夏玉米产量与肥料利用效率的差异解析

于2017—2018年在泰安、淄博和烟台,根据生产调研和各地夏玉米高产经验,在同一地块综合设置了超高产栽培、高产高效栽培和农户栽培3种栽培模式,分别模拟超高产生产水平(SH)、高产高效生产水平(HH)和农户生产水平(FP) 3个层次。并分别设置不施氮(SHN_0、HHN_0、FPN_0)、不施磷(SHP_0、HHP_0、FPP_0)和不施钾(SHK_0、HHK_0、FPK_0)的肥料空白处理。定量分析不同产量层次之间产量差及肥料利用效率差,探究产量差和效率差的影响因素及缩差增效途径。结果显示,当前山东省夏玉米SH、HH和FP的籽粒产量分别实现了光温潜力产量的68.13%、63.71%、53.22%。随着产量差距的增大,肥料利用效率降低。FP的N、P、K肥料利用效率分别为4.23、5.83、4.94 kg kg~(–1), SH的分别为3.84、4.64、2.97 kg kg~(–1)。通过优化栽培措施后,高产高效管理模式能够较FP籽粒产量提升10.49%, N、P、K的肥料利用效率分别提高67.07%、101.35%、57.65%,是实现产量与肥料利用效率协同提升的有效技术途径。对各产量水平进行产量性能分析发现,随着产量水平的提高,平均叶面积指数和单位面积穗数明显提高,而穗粒数、平均净同化率和粒重则有所下降。随着产量水平的提高,吐丝后干物质和N、P、K元素积累比例有增加的趋势。因此,在保持现有功能性参数不降低情况下,优化结构性参数是当前产量与资源利用效率协同提升的有效措施,今后高产高效应更加注重生育后期群体结构性能的优化。     

籼型优质三系香稻不育系广泰A的选育及应用

广泰A是广东省农业科学院水稻研究所以保持系中间材料荣丰B//米31/W254为母本,具有香味的保持系中间材料天丰B/粤丰B为父本进行杂交,然后通过分子标记辅助选择具有香味且直链淀粉较低的F3代株系与印尼水田谷胞质不育系荣丰A测交,后经连续回交转育而成的优质香稻不育系。该不育系具有败育彻底、育性稳定、柱头外露率高、异交习性好、配合力好等特点,米质达部颁标准优质1级,2016年10月通过广东省种子管理总站组织的专家技术鉴定,目前已经组配出广泰优华占、广泰优粤农丝苗、广泰优736、广泰优7170、广泰优秋占、广泰优天弘丝苗、广泰优航0799等多个组合通过国家和省级品种审定。     

油菜高亚麻酸育种探析

为促进通过提高油菜种子亚麻酸含量途径增加中国人群亚麻酸的摄入量,提高健康水平的工作进程。结合文献资料,在剖析开展油菜高亚麻酸育种的意义、可行性、难点及可利用的有利条件的基础上,提出油菜高亚麻酸育种策略与技术途径。在工作实践中,陕西省杂交油菜研究中心研究团队创建并完善"油菜高亚麻酸种质的筛选方法",利用该方法开展油菜高亚麻酸种质资源筛选和高亚麻酸育种取得良好成效:油菜种质资源的整体亚麻酸含量、具有较高亚麻酸含量种质的百分比率、亚麻酸含量最高值、亚麻酸含量15%的种质数量均明显增加;获得一批亚麻酸含量大于15%(最高含量达21%)的甘蓝型油菜非转基因种质,育成高亚麻酸的不育系和恢复系;甘蓝型油菜高亚麻酸杂交种‘秦杂油7号’通过国家品种登记;2个亚麻酸含量15%左右的杂交种正在申请品种登记。发现在A02、C02及A06染色体上存在多个与亚麻酸显著关联SNP位点。提出开展基础机理研究和分子设计育种创新体系建设,开展高亚麻酸种质资源创新、综合评价和利用研究,构建高亚麻酸育种体系,规化高效保优栽培技术路线,开展油菜籽加工技术、抗氧化研究,构建标准体系等6方面建议。     

苗期调控对晚播小麦产量及氮素利用的影响

针对冬小麦因播期推迟造成产量损失的问题,以2个不同分蘖能力的冬小麦品种中麦8号和航麦501为供试材料,研究苗期覆膜和补施氮肥对晚播小麦产量及氮素利用的影响。试验设置3个播期：10月5日适期播种（S0,对照）、10月15日适当晚播（S1）和10月25日过晚播（S2）。结果表明：随着播期推迟,小麦产量逐渐降低。晚播条件下,苗期覆膜和补施氮肥可调控冬小麦产量构成因素、农艺性状、茎蘖生长、成穗率以及氮素的吸收利用。综合而言,晚播条件下,覆膜和补施氮肥有利于提高小麦穗长、总小穗数及冬前群体数量;同时,覆膜可显著提高2个品种晚播条件下的分蘖成穗率和过晚播条件下的植株氮素积累量（PNA）及氮肥偏生产力（PFP）,增幅分别为46.4%~89.1%、12.7%~26.5%和19.5%~20.1%;补施氮肥在过晚播条件下有利于成穗率的提高,增幅为18.5%~34.7%。2种调控措施均有利于增加晚播小麦产量,增幅达1.4%~19.5%。但不同分蘖力的小麦对2种调控措施的响应存在差异。综合考虑产量及氮素利用等各方面因素,在晚播条件下,相比于补施氮肥,苗期覆膜更有利于提高晚播小麦产量,弥补晚播造成的产量损失,但在实际操作和节约生产成本方面,前者优于后者。     

宁夏地区荷斯坦牛乳房性状的遗传参数估计和主成分分析

旨在评估宁夏地区荷斯坦牛乳房性状的遗传水平。本研究使用DMU（v6.0）软件的AI-REML模块结合EM算法并配合多性状动物模型对宁夏地区12 415头荷斯坦牛，包括111 735个观察值的9个乳房性状进行遗传参数估计，运用主成分分析法（PCA）探讨构象性状之间的关系。结果表明，宁夏地区荷斯坦牛乳房性状遗传力处于中等偏低水平，乳房深度遗传力值为0.242，乳房质地为0.080，悬韧带为0.183，前乳房附着为0.230，前乳头位置为0.231，前乳头长度为0.173，后乳房高为0.272，后乳房宽为0.378，后乳头位置为0.169。各性状遗传相关范围为-0.277~0.706，表型相关范围为-0.084~0.316。研究共筛选出特征值≥1的4个主成分，占总方差的64.19%，且9个乳房性状在前3个主成分中已全部体现，荷载系数均在0.4以上。本研究通过对宁夏地区奶牛DHI数据的深入挖掘和遗传参数估计，准确地把握了宁夏奶牛群体的结构特征，对于奶牛的选种选配和育种规划具有重要意义。     

Optimizing the Proportions of Plant Protein Ingredients in the Diet of Juvenile Blunt Snout Bream,Megalobrama amblycephala

An 8‐wk feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the influence of different proportions of dietary plant ingredients on the growth of juvenile blunt snout bream, Megalobrama amblycephala. A 2 × 3 factorial arrangement was set for this trial with three ratios of cottonseed meal (CSM) and canola meal (CM) (2:1, 1:1, or 1:2) and three proportions of soybean meal (SBM) (2, 1, or 0). The results showed that the specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio both significantly decreased with decreasing amounts of SBM in the diets of blunt snout bream (P < 0.05), while the feed efficiency ratio and feed intake increased significantly (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the growth performance and feed utilization were shown to improve with increasing amounts of CSM, although the effects were not significant (P > 0.05). The interaction of these two factors had no effect on either growth or feed utilization (P > 0.05). Diet composition was not seen to affect body composition (P > 0.05). The ratio of CSM to CM significantly affected gut amylase activity, liver alanine aminotransferase content, and plasma cholesterol levels (P < 0.05). The interaction between the two main effects significantly influenced the plasma glucose level (P < 0.05). Therefore, the suitable proportion of plant feed for blunt snout bream should include high levels of SBM and CSM, with a SBM : CSM : CM ratio of 2:2:1.     

Differences in the effectiveness of reproduction among ten breeding strains of the common carp Cyprinus carpio L. after stimulation of ovulation with carp pituitary homogenate or [(D‐Ala6, Pro9NEt) mGnRH‐a + metoclopramide] (Ovopel)

This study focused on the reproduction effectiveness of 10 breeding strains of common carp (Polish strains 2, 3, 6; Hungarian strains 0, W, 7; Lithuanian strain B; French strain F; Israeli strain D and Yugoslavian strain J) after stimulation of ovulation with carp pituitary homogenate or Ovopel. The percentage of females with recorded ovulation became higher after Ovopel treatment in as many as eight breeding strains (2, 3, 6, 0, W, B, F, D). The interaction between the spawning agent and the breeding strain was statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05) for the mass of spawn and non‐significant for traits determining the quality of eggs. Among the 10 breeding strains, in 4 (3, 7, B, J) the least‐squares means (LSM) for the weight of egg (g) were higher for fish stimulated with Ovopel. Among the strains tested, in seven (3, W, F, J, 2, 7, B), the LSM for the percentage of living embryos after 36 h incubation were higher for fish treated with Ovopel. The evaluation of reproduction effects based on the values of such parameters as the percentage of ovulating females, weight of eggs (g) and the percentage of live embryos (36 h) showed that after Ovopel treatment the poorer effects were obtained only for strains 6, 0 and D.